Emotion regulation strategy of self-focused and situation-focused reappraisal and their impact on subsequent cognitive control

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.01393

Abstract

Abstract:

It is important to explore the relationship between emotion regulation and cognitive control for a better understanding of diseases involving emotional control failure. Cognitive reappraisal is the most effective and commonly used emotion regulation strategy to improve individual emotional state. Will it consume cognitive resources needed for subsequent cognitive control tasks? The results of previous studies on this issue are not consistent. The reason may be that previous studies treated reappraisal as a single strategy, and did not distinguish subtypes of reappraisal to explore this issue. Reappraisal can be divided into self-focused and situation-focused reappraisal. According to previous studies, this two reappraisal strategies may have different effects on subsequent cognitive control tasks. However, there has been no direct experimental comparison on this issue.
In this study, self-focused reappraisal (n = 23) and situation-focused reappraisal (n = 26) were used to investigate whether to increase or decrease negative emotion had different effects on subsequent cognitive control tasks. All participants completed a cross- combination paradigm of cognitive reappraisal and Stroop task. Event-related potential (ERP) was used to assess the effectiveness of emotion regulation (late positive potential, LPP) during the reappraisal phase, as well as to assess the cognitive resource (P300) and cognitive control (sustained potential, SP) during the Stroop task.
The results showed that both reappraisal strategies could effectively regulate emotion at the level of subjective reporting. In addition, on the level of arousal, increase negative > view negative > decrease negative > watch neutral, as opposite to the valence rating. Furthermore, EEG results of the reappraisal stage showed that self-focused reappraisal would trigger larger LPP amplitude than situation-focused reappraisal whether it increased or decreased negative emotion. This proved that situation-focused reappraisal was more effective than self-focused reappraisal when negative emotion was decreased. On the contrary, self-focused reappraisal was more effective than situation-focused reappraisal when negative emotion was increased. Compared with the three emotion regulation conditions that appeared in negative stimulus pictures, the interference scores of accuracy for viewing neutral picture were significantly greater. While, compared with the other three emotion regulation conditions, the P300 interference score of increases negative emotion was significantly smaller. The difference of the SP amplitude under the situation-focused reappraisal incongruent condition minus the congruent condition was higher than the self-focused reappraisal. It might be considered the SP amplitude interference score of situation-focused reappraisal was more positive than that of self-focused reappraisal.
In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that (1) self-focused reappraisal and situation-focused reappraisal could effectively regulate emotion, while the regulating effects were different. (2) compared to neutral stimuli, negative stimuli trigger higher levels of negative emotion and subsequent poorer cognitive control of conflicting tasks from behavioral perspective. (3) compared with watching and decreasing negative emotion, increasing negative emotion may further deplete the available cognitive resources for subsequent tasks at the level of neural mechanisms. Furthermore, situation-focused reappraisal had a greater impact on cognitive control of subsequent conflict tasks after decreasing negative emotion than self-focused reappraisal.

Key words: emotion regulation, self-focused reappraisal, situation-focused reappraisal, cognitive control, event-related potential

SUN Yan, LV Jiaojiao, LAN Fan, ZHANG Lina. (2020). Emotion regulation strategy of self-focused and situation-focused reappraisal and their impact on subsequent cognitive control. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(12), 1393-1406.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 Participants’ demographic information and questionnaire scores

Project Name	Self-focused Group	Situation-focused Group	p
N	23	26
Gender (male/female)	12/11	14/12	0.907
Age	21.17(2.13)	22.15(2.88)	0.179
Cognitive Reappraisal	28.65(5.14)	27.04(5.47)	0.294
POMS positive state	32.65(7.71)	34.35(8.04)	0.457
POMS negative state	57.26(18.42)	53.96(18.50)	0.535

Figure 1. Flow chart of the experiment

Table 2 Subjective experience rating of two groups of participants under 4 kinds of emotion regulation conditions

Group	Emotion regulation condition
Group	Watch neutral	View negative	Increase negative	Decrease negative
Self-focused Group
Valence	5.27(0.74)	3.42(0.57)	3.25(0.68)	3.55(0.62)
Arousal	4.02(1.57)	5.36(1.16)	6.72(1.22)	5.32(1.04)
Situation-focused Group
Valence	5.25(0.74)	3.65(0.70)	3.36(0.72)	4.27(1.04)
Arousal	3.83(1.33)	5.24(1.08)	5.73(1.27)	5.17(1.19)

Figure 2. The participants in the two groups were rated on their subjective experience under 4 emotion regulation conditions (watch neutral, view negative, increase negative, decrease negative). * * Means p < 0.01

Table 3 Descriptive statistics of Stroop accuracy and response time interference score in two groups under four emotion regulation conditions

Groups	Emotion regulation condition
Groups	Watch neutral	View negative	Increase negative	Decrease negative
Self-focused Group
Accuracy interference Score	0.016 (0.070)	0.001 (0.031)	-0.006 (0.025)	-0.014 (0.043)
Reaction Time interference Score	49.60 (73.14)	50.06 (69.52)	50.31 (45.12)	39.48 (47.06)
Situation-focused Group
Accuracy interference Score	0.019 (0.051)	-0.011 (0.054)	-0.017 (0.031)	-0.023 (0.036)
Reaction Time interference Score	45.60 (51.79)	67.96 (51.86)	53.50 (77.75)	49.35 (68.55)

Figure 3. Average amplitude of LPP during 300~1500 ms in two groups. A represents The LPP amplitude of self-focused group under 4 emotion regulation conditions. B represents the LPP amplitude of situation-focused group under 4 emotion regulation conditions. C represents the LPP amplitude of the self- and situation-focused groups when negative emotion is increased. D represents the LPP amplitude of self- and situation-focused groups when negative emotion is decreased.

Figure 4. Amplitude interference scores of the P300 and SP components (mean amplitude of the incongruent condition minus mean amplitude of the congruent condition) in the two groups with four emotion regulation conditions.

Figure 5. The average amplitudes of P300 during 300~390 ms (yellow area) and the average amplitudes of SP during 750~900 ms (gray area) under conditions of increasing and decreasing emotion regulation. A indicates the amplitude of the Stroop presentation-response after using the self-focused reappraisal to increase the negative emotion. B indicates the amplitude of the Stroop presentation-response after using the situation-focused reappraisal to increase the negative emotion. C indicates the amplitude of the Stroop presentation-response after using the self-focused reappraisal to decrease the negative emotion. D indicates the amplitude of the Stroop presentation-response after using the situation-focused reappraisal to decrease the negative emotion.

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